Why does fire hurt?

When a burn occurs to the skin, nerve endings are damaged causing intense feelings of pain. Every year, millions of people in the United States are burned in one way or another. Of those, thousands die as a result of their burns.

phoenix.gov - Burn Injuries - Fire - City of Phoenix

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Third degree burns involve all the layers of the skin. They are referred to as full thickness burns and are the most serious of all burns. These are usually charred black and include areas that are dry and white. While a third-degree burn may be very painful, some patients feel little or no pain because the nerve endings have been destroyed. This type of burn may require skin grafting. As third degree burns heal, dense scars form.

Determining the severity of burns

Source of the burn - a minor burn caused by nuclear radiation is more severe than a burn caused by thermal sources. Chemical burns are dangerous because the chemical may still be on the skin. Body regions burned - burns to the face are more severe because they could affect airway management or the eyes. Burns to hands and feet are also of special concern because they could impede movement of fingers and toes. Degree of the burn - the degree of the burn is important because it could cause infection of exposed tissues and permit invasion of the circulatory system. Extent of burned surface areas - It is important to know the percentage of the amount of the skin surface involved in the burn. The adult body is divided into regions, each of which represents nine percent of the total body surface. These regions are the head and neck, each upper limb, the chest, the abdomen, the upper back, the lower back and buttocks, the front of each lower limb, and the back of each lower limb. This makes up 99 percent of the human body. The remaining one percent is the genital area. With an infant or small child, more emphasis is placed on the head and trunk. Age of the patient - This is important because small children and senior citizens usually have more severe reactions to burns and different healing processes. Pre-existing physical or mental conditions - Patients with respiratory illnesses, heart disorders, diabetes or kidney disease are in greater jeopardy than normally healthy people.

Treatment of Burns

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Which element is very hardest?

The hardest pure element is carbon in the form of a diamond.

thoughtco.com - What Is the Hardest Element? - ThoughtCo

Can you name the hardest element? It's an element that occurs naturally in pure form and has a hardness of 10 on the Mohs scale. Chances are you have seen it. The hardest pure element is carbon in the form of a diamond. Diamond is not the hardest substance known to man. Some ceramics are harder, but they consist of multiple elements. Not all forms of carbon are hard. Carbon assumes several structures, called allotropes. The carbon allotrope known as graphite is quite soft. It is used in pencil "leads."

Different Types of Hardness

Hardness depends largely on the packing of atoms in a material and the strength of interatomic or intermolecular bonds. Because the behavior of a material is complex, there are different types of hardness. Diamond has an extremely high-scratch hardness. Other forms of hardness are indentation hardness and rebound hardness.

Other Hard Elements

Although carbon is the hardest pure element, metals generally are hard. Another nonmetal (boron) also has a hard allotrope. Here is the Mohs hardness of some other pure elements:

Boron: 9.5

Chromium: 8.5

Tungsten: 7.5

Rhenium: 7.0

Osmium: 7.0

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