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APHRODITE APHRODITE: Goddess of Love There are two stories about how she was born. The first, according to Hesiod's poem Theogony, was that she was born from the foam in the waters of Paphos, on the island of Cyprus. However, according to Homer, in The Iliad, Aphrodite may instead be the daughter of Zeus and Dione.

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There were five Goddesses among the Olympians who lived on Mt Olympus.

Here we learn what motivated them and how they helped ruled the ancient world.

APHRODITE: Goddess of Love

Aphrodite was the most beautiful of all the Goddesses and there are many tales of how she could encourage both Gods and humans to fall in love with her. Her role was to rule over the love between the Gods, between humans and between Gods and humans. There are two stories about how she was born. The first, according to Hesiod’s poem Theogony, was that she was born from the foam in the waters of Paphos, on the island of Cyprus. However, according to Homer, in The Iliad, Aphrodite may instead be the daughter of Zeus and Dione. With many Greek Myths handed down verbally*, it is hard to know which is right. Her beauty was so unique that it was feared many Gods would fight each other for her hand in marriage and cause a war. To avoid this, Zeus married Aphrodite to the God Hephaistos, who wasn’t seen as a threat because of his ugly appearance and deformity. When the Trojan prince Paris was asked to judge which of three Olympian Goddesses was the most beautiful, he chose Aphrodite over Hera and Athena, despite the latter* two trying to bribe him with power and victory in battle. Aphrodite won because she offered Paris the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. This was Helen of Sparta, who became infamous as Helen of Troy when Paris eloped* with her, causing the Trojan War. During the war, Hera and Athena were enemies of Troy while Aphrodite was loyal to Paris and the Trojans. One of Aphrodite’s sacred animals is the swan and she used a swan-drawn car to glide easily through the air. Aphrodite’s image is often used in artwork and she is famously noted as the model for the well-known sculpture Venus de Milo (Venus was her name in Roman mythology). Other artwork often show her surrounded by flowers and vegetation, indicating her fertility.

FACTS ABOUT APHRODITE

Rules over: Love, beauty, pleasure

Love, beauty, pleasure Title : Lady of Cythera or Lady of Cyprus

: Lady of Cythera or Lady of Cyprus Gender: Female

Female Symbols: Rose, scallop shell, myrtle, girdle, mirror

Rose, scallop shell, myrtle, girdle, mirror Sacred animals: Dove, sparrow, swan and dolphin

Dove, sparrow, swan and dolphin Parents: Uranus, or Zeus and Dione

Uranus, or Zeus and Dione Married to: Hephaistos

Hephaistos Children: Eros, Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, Pothos, Anteros, Himeros, Hermaphroditos, Rhode, Eryx, Peitho, Eunomia, The Graces, Priapus, Aeneas and Tyche (possibly)

2. ARTEMIS: Goddess of the Hunt

Artemis is one of the most respected of the Gods and Goddesses from Mt Olympus. She was the Goddess of the hunt but also known for ruling over wild animals, wilderness and childbirth and was a protector of young children. She was important to women by helping them in childbirth and she was capable of healing women of disease.

Artemis spent most of her time roaming the forests with her nymphs*.

In literature and art, she was depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows made by the God Hephaistos and the one-eyed giant Cyclops. It was said she could bring sudden death with her arrows. It was her hunting companion, Orion, that won her heart. It is believed Orion was accidentally killed either by Artemis herself or by Gaia, the ancient Goddess of the Earth. Artemis had a mean side. She would get very angry whenever her wishes were not followed, especially if anyone hurt the animals that were sacred* to her. She punished Agamemnon, for example, when he killed a stag in her sacred grove. The Temple of Artemis was built at Ephesus (now in Turkey) in honour of Artemis. It was very grand and twice the size of the Parthenon in Athens. It came to be regarded as one of the “Seven Wonders of the Ancient World”. It was destroyed by fire but rebuilt and then later destroyed by a Christian mob. All that remains today are the foundations and just one column.

FACTS ABOUT ARTEMIS

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Rules over: The hunt, forests and hills, the moon and archery

The hunt, forests and hills, the moon and archery Gender: Female

Female Symbols: Bow, arrows, and moon

Bow, arrows, and moon Sacred animals: Deer, stags, hunting dogs

Deer, stags, hunting dogs Parents: Zeus and Leto

Zeus and Leto Siblings: Ares, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Dionysus, Hebe, Hermes, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Hephaistos, Perseus, Minos, the Muses, the Graces

3. ATHENA: Goddess of wisdom and war, crafts and arts

When Athena was born in a most unusual way, she was born ready for war. She was said to have been created from Zeus after he experienced an enormous headache and she sprang fully grown and in armour from his forehead. Greek Mythology states she has no mother. She was Zeus’s favourite child and he trusted her to use his goatskin shield and his thunderbolt. Athena is often remembered as a friend to many heroes and she helped Perseus, Jason, Cadmus, Odysseus and Heracles in their quests. According to Homer’s The Iliad, Athena was a fierce and ruthless* warrior but also angry and unforgiving. She once turned the weaver Arachne into a spider after the mortal woman insulted Athena and the Olympian Gods. Athena gave birth to Ericthonius, son of Hephaistos. He was half man and half serpent. One famous myth describes Athena putting the infant in a chest and giving it to others to watch over, forbidding them to open it. When they did, she drove them mad as punishment. Athena was also a patron* of the arts and crafts, especially when it came to spinning and weaving. She invented the flute but never played it. One famous Greek story involves both Athena and Poseidon, the God of the Sea, wanting to be named patron of Athens. To prove she was up to the job, Athena made an olive tree spring up on the fortress of Athens, the Acropolis. Poseidon tried to beat her by striking the ground with his trident (a three-pronged fork) which caused a spring of water to gush out. But as he was God of the Sea, the water was salty and Athena’s gift to the Athenians was considered to be more useful. She was then named patron Goddess of Athens. Her most important festival was the Panathenaea, which was celebrated annually at Athens.

FACTS ABOUT ATHENA

Rules over: Wisdom and war

Wisdom and war Gender: Female

Female Symbols: Olive trees, armour, helmets, spears, gorgoneion

Olive trees, armour, helmets, spears, gorgoneion Sacred animals: Owl, snakes,

Owl, snakes, Parents: Metis; Metis and Zeus; Zeus

Metis; Metis and Zeus; Zeus Siblings: Artemis, Aphrodite, the Muses, the Graces, Ares, Apollo, Dionysus, Hebe, Hermes, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Hephaistos, Minos, Perseus, Porus

4. HERA: Queen of the Gods

Hera was married to Zeus and was known as the Queen of the Gods.

She was the protector of women and ruled over marriages and births.

She is often shown in artworks as being very majestic* and crowned with the polos — a high cylindrical crown worn by many of the great Goddesses. Even before her marriage to Zeus, she ruled over the heavens and the Earth. This is one reason why she was also referred to as “The Queen of Heaven”. Though she may have been physically attractive she also had a passion for taking revenge on those who did her wrong, which was an unattractive characteristic. Hera was a jealous wife, and she fought with Zeus frequently over his love for other women and the children they had together. Hera turned the nymph Callisto into a bear because Zeus fell in love with her. Hera also hated the great hero Heracles since he was the son of her husband Zeus and a mortal woman. When he was still an infant, she sent snakes to attack him in his crib.

Zeus was afraid of her.

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Hera was worshipped* in all parts of Greece and temples were built for her at Argos and Salmos.

FACTS ABOUT HERA

Rules over: Marriage, women, birth and the heavens

Marriage, women, birth and the heavens Title: Queen of Heaven

Queen of Heaven Gender: Female

Female Symbols: Jewelled crown, sceptre, pomegranate

Jewelled crown, sceptre, pomegranate Sacred animals: Peacock, cow

Peacock, cow Items: Lily (flower)

Lily (flower) Parents: Cronus and Rhea

Cronus and Rhea Married to: Zeus

Zeus Children: Ares, Enyo, Hebe, Eileithyia, Hephaestus, Angelos, Eris

5. DEMETER: Goddess of agriculture, harvest and fertility

Demeter was the Goddess who blessed the Earth and made sure that everyone had a great harvest*. In ancient art, she was pictured wearing a wreath made of ears of corn and Greek Mythology records that the harvest was either good or bad depending on her moods. It is also believed the four seasons were born after she suffered a terrible heartache. Her daughter Persephone was abducted by the God of the Underworld, Hades, who intended to make her his queen and Demeter endlessly searched for her daughter while consumed with loss and grief. In her despair, the seasons halted and living things stopped growing and died. The world suffered from famine*. Zeus was forced to send the Gods to Demeter one by one to try and bring her out of her sadness. Demeter and Persephone were finally reunited on the order of Zeus. During spring and summer, Persephone was by Demeter’s side and the harvest was allowed to thrive. In fall and winter, Persephone was with Hades, which would cause Demeter to become depressed again.

FACTS ABOUT DEMETER

Rules over: Agriculture, fertility, sacred Law and the harvest

Agriculture, fertility, sacred Law and the harvest Gender: Female

Female Symbols: Cornucopia, wheat, torch, bread

Cornucopia, wheat, torch, bread Sacred animals: Serpent

Serpent Parents: Cronus and Rhea

Cronus and Rhea Siblings: Hestia, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Zeus

Hestia, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Zeus Children: Persephone, Despoina, Arion, Plutus, Philomelus, Eubuleus, Chrysothemis and Amphitheus

GLOSSARY

verbally: spoken

spoken latter: listed at the end

listed at the end eloped: ran away to get married

ran away to get married nymphs: a mythological spirit of nature imagined as a beautiful woman a mythological spirit of nature imagined as a beautiful woman sacred: connected with a God or dedicated to a religious purpose

connected with a God or dedicated to a religious purpose ruthless: cruel

cruel patron: a person who gives financial or other support to a cause a person who gives financial or other support to a cause majestic: something amazing to be admired

something amazing to be admired worshipped: honoured and adored

honoured and adored harvest: period of gathering in crops, such as wheat or barley period of gathering in crops, such as wheat or barley famine: extreme lack of food

Part Three: Greek Gods of Mt Olympus

Part Five: Heroes of Greek Mythology

QUICK QUIZ

Who did Aphrodite marry? Where is the Temple of Artemis built? How was Athena born? Why is Hera called the Queen of Heaven? Who kidnapped Demeter’s daughter?

LISTEN TO THIS STORY

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