Affluent Savvy
Affluent Savvy
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In particular, the centrality of chocolate in the Aztec religious lore and its perceived mystical qualities of healing and distorting the mind made chocolate a problematic symbol for the Catholic Spaniards arriving in the New World, often standing in opposition to a Catholic world view.
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Learn More »When the Spanish arrived in Meso-America, they found cacao and chocolate to serve central roles in Aztec and Mayan religion, economics, and social life. Despite the Spaniards initial lack of taste for the beverage, and its association with both the power and polytheism of the Aztec civilization, it continued to thrive in both its symbolic and material capacities, perhaps even growing in importance after the arrival of the Europeans (Coe and Coe). In particular, the centrality of chocolate in the Aztec religious lore and its perceived mystical qualities of healing and distorting the mind made chocolate a problematic symbol for the Catholic Spaniards arriving in the New World, often standing in opposition to a Catholic world view. Before the arrival of the conquistadors in Meso-America, chocolate held a significant and almost sacred place in Aztec religion. In one tale, the Aztec Goddess Coatlicue tells a group of Aztec sorcerers that the chocolate they so regularly ate and drank had burdened them, causing them to grow old and tired (Coe and Coe, 76-77). So important was chocolate in the Aztec world that Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina, the Aztec ruler said to have dispatched the sorcerers on this mission, was allegedly brought to tears when he learned of the Goddess’ suggestion (Coe and Coe, 78). However, it was not only in myths and religious lore that chocolate appeared, but also in many of the rituals associated with the Aztec religion. Chocolate beverages played an integral role in an annual sacrifice to the Aztec God Quetzalcoatl, purportedly causing the soon-to-be sacrificed slave to rejoice at the prospect of his own death (Coe and Coe, 103). Further, chocolate appeared frequently in marriage rituals; the image of an Aztec woman pouring chocolate into a ritual pot illustrates this use of chocolate (Coe and Coe, 97). Another image shows an illustration of the Mayan God of Maize, here depicted as himself forming a cacao tree.
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Learn More »Catholic missionaries in the New World struggled over the topic of chocolate in two ways: first, in their analysis of its place in their own religious tradition and second, in their concern with its symbolic power among the natives. Chocolate in many ways was an unknown quantity for the Europeans arriving in the New World, and as such there was a serious debate as to its place in Catholic fasting rituals. “Por otra parte, el chocolate también fue motivo de preocupación, amén de largas y copiosas disquisisiones sobre su posible estorbo en las prácticas coditionas en cuanto al sacramento de la eucaristía, por su propoable interferencia con el ayuno” (Méndez, 11). “On the other hand, chocolate was also a cause for worry, as evidenced by the many long written discussions about its possible hindrance in daily practices relating to the sacrament of the Eucarist, for its probable interference with the fast.” This internal debate within Catholicism made chocolate a problematic commodity for the Spaniards, and as such many conservative Catholic priests prohibited its consumption during the fast (Méndez, 11). But chocolate’s symbolic role in opposition to Catholicism extended beyond just this internal Catholic debate; perhaps in part due to the missionaries’ uncertainty as to how to classify this drink, the Spaniards viewed a number of the myths and folk beliefs about chocolate to be threats to the Catholic and European way of life. Méndez writes that “hemos encontrado varios documentos en los que se denuncia algún uso heterodoxo del chocolate” (Méndez, 12). “We have found various documents in which certain heterodox uses of chocolate are denounced.” In other words, it was not uncommon for Spanish and Catholic authorities in the New World to take issue with the ways in which chocolate was used in Meso-America, particularly in relation to its perceived mystical qualities. Méndez describes a number of first-hand accounts of these types of practices, in which chocolate was combined with other ingredients to allow the drinker to predict the future or to influence amorous relations. Chocolate’s central role in a number of mystical and ritualistic practices made it a symbolic threat to the Catholic Church, which opposed the types of paranormal understandings of the world supported by these rituals. The interplay between the Spanish conquistadors and the Aztecs, particularly in relation to chocolate and its symbolic importance with respect to religion, served as one of the defining features of the European colonial period in Meso-America.
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Learn More »In the above image, conquistador Hernán Cortés is portrayed accepting chocolate from the Aztec ruler Montezuma, who holds a cross-like arfifact in his hand, symbolic of the influx of Christianity and the power it had obtained. The fact that Cortés is taking chocolate as a tribute is symbolic of both its economic and religious importance in the Aztec society; by taking the chocolate, he is asserting the dominance of the Spanish over the Aztecs and taking control of a particularly important and problematic commodity.
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