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What is wrong with the mark-recapture method?

Due to these limiting factors, some have offered that the methodology can represent inaccurate estimation of population size in many circumstances. It has been argued that individuals individually captured may be more likely to be captured the second time than individuals that were not initially captured.

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When wildlife biologists require absolute estimates of a population size, they rely on alternative approaches to those based on a count of animals within a fixed unit of a habitat. One such approach is the mark recapture method (also referred to as “capture-mark-recapture” or “mark-release-recapture”). Originally developed to estimate population size, mark recapture is now frequently used for the estimation of birth, death and emigration rates within populations. The mark recapture method involves capturing a number of animals, marking them, releasing them back into the population, and then determining the ratio (proportion of marked to unmarked animals) of the population when marked and unmarked animals are captured at a later date. It has been used to estimate the populations of all manner of animals, from insects to the largest mammals. The mark recapture method for estimating population size is summarized by the following equation:

N1 x N2

P = ------------------------

M

N1 = number of individuals marked initially

N2 = number of individuals in second or recapture sample

M = number of marked individuals in second or recapture sample

P = population estimate1

In using the mark recapture method, populations can be classified as either open or closed. A closed population remains unchanged over the period of study, whereas an open population may change because of some combination of birth, death and emigration.

Use and Method Explained

The mark recapture method has a long history in wildlife research and management. Using this technique, individuals of a population are captured and marked with paint or a tag. The marked individuals are then released back into the wild and later recaptured. Information on the number of marked recaptures and unmarked captures can be used to estimate population size. The mark recapture method is widely used in ecological studies to estimate survival rates within populations. For certain species, it is more commonly used as a tool for estimating population size. Most mark recapture data sets involve multiple sampling events, with each sample subsequent to the first providing information on recaptures as well as on individuals caught for the first time.2,3

There are four assumptions common to most mark recapture scenarios:

The subject (marked) animals are not affected (e.g., behavior or life expectancy) by being marked

The marks (e.g., paint, tags) will not be lost

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The marked animals will become completely reintegrated into the population

In subsequent captures, the probability of capturing a marked animal is the same as that of capturing any (unmarked) member of the population Sampling is carried out at discrete time intervals and the actual time involved in taking the samples is short in relation to the total study time1 What are some advantages and disadvantages of the mark and recapture method? The mark and recapture method is often used to estimate population size from repeated sampling of the uniquely marked animals, but capturing and marking animals carries both advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages of mark and recapture include: It allows an estimate of a population to be made when a direct count is impossible. It is less harmful to most species when compared with other methods as long as the marking occurs in the field. 1,3 It has the advantage that its accuracy does not depend on an assessment of the amount of available habitat.2

Some disadvantages include:

Accuracy depends on capturing a fairly large proportion of the population. 1

Many study populations are not geographically closed because only a part of a population’s range is included in the study area. Animals can move into and out of some study areas, and the number of animals present at a given time may be less than the population estimated.3 Due to these limiting factors, some have offered that the methodology can represent inaccurate estimation of population size in many circumstances. It has been argued that individuals individually captured may be more likely to be captured the second time than individuals that were not initially captured.3 Interested in learning more about safe capture? The San Diego Zoo now offers courses in safe capture techniques and best practices. Learn reliable, safe, and effective techniques for the species you work with and the scenarios you encounter! 1Lee, K., et. al. (2014). To catch or to sight? A comparison of demographic parameter estimates obtained from mark-recapture and mark-resight models. Biodiversity and Conservation. 23. 2781–2800.

2field-studies-council.org.

3Tilling K, Sterne JAC. Capture-recapture models including covariate effects. Am J Epidemiology, 1999;149:392–400.

About NexGen Pharmaceuticals

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NexGen Pharmaceuticals is an industry-leading veterinary compounding pharmacy, offering sterile and non-sterile compounding services nationwide. Unlike other veterinary compounding pharmacies, NexGen focuses on drugs that are difficult to find or are no longer available due to manufacturer discontinuance or have yet to be offered commercially for veterinary applications, but which still serve a critical need for our customers. We also specialize in wildlife pharmaceuticals, including sedatives and their antagonists, offering many unique options to serve a wide array of zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia requirements. Our pharmacists are also encouraged to develop strong working relationships with our veterinarians in order to better care for veterinary patients. Such relationships foster an ever-increasing knowledge base upon which pharmacists and veterinarians can draw, making both significantly more effective in their professional roles.

Disclaimer

The information contained in this blog post is general in nature and is intended for use as an informational aid. It does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, or interactions of the medications shown, nor is the information intended as medical advice or diagnosis for individual health problems or for making an evaluation as to the risks and benefits of using a particular medication. You should consult your veterinarian about diagnosis and treatment of any health problems. Information and statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"), nor has the FDA approved the medications to diagnose, cure or prevent disease. Medications compounded by NexGen Pharmaceuticals are prepared at the direction of a veterinarian. NexGen Pharmaceuticals compounded veterinary preparations are not intended for use in food and food-producing animals. NexGen Pharmaceuticals, LLC does not recommend, endorse or make any representation about the efficacy, appropriateness or suitability of any specific dosing, products, procedures, treatments, services, opinions, veterinary care providers or other information that may be contained in this blog post. NEXGEN PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC IS NOT RESPONSIBLE NOR LIABLE FOR ANY ADVICE, COURSE OF TREATMENT, DIAGNOSIS OR ANY OTHER INFORMATION, SERVICES OR PRODUCTS THAT YOU OBTAIN THROUGH THIS BLOG POST.

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