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What is a monkey birthday?

Simultaneous rain and sunshine is a fleeting and often otherworldly event that has been given strangely similar idioms in a wide range of cultures around the world. In parts of Dorset and Somerset it's know as a “monkey's birthday”.

wildlifetrusts.org - A monkey's birthday - ten words for the British landscape

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Tolmen

The two things absent from all tolmens - the stone that used to be where the big round hole is and an indication of how it was removed, make these objects a compelling mystery. In fact, they are the result of a combination of natural forces. Obstacles in fast-flowing rivers can create vortices in the current called kolks, which can generate enough force to move rocks weighing many tons. On a small scale they gather up gravel and stones and, as they spin and orbit, these can bore holes called ‘rock-cut basins’ in bigger stones. A basin formed on an overhanging slab, as it might under a waterfall or cascade, can be deepened by freeze-thaw erosion eventually cutting right through, leaving a neat circular hole. These holed rocks are called tolmen from the Cornish for hole (toll) and stone (men). We have the benefit of modern insight into fluid dynamics to explain the curious appearance of these stones. But without knowledge of these centuries-long processes – whose timescales defy our easy conception – it is easy to see why our forebears reached for answers that involved supernatural forces. A range of complaints and diseases were treated by climbing, or being passed through, the tolmen. Pagans, and later Christians, saw the holy in the hole. Recognising the liturgical potential of a form that suggested both a window and a portal, and thus vision and transportation. Both groups made good use of them in their rituals, especially those concerned with healing. A range of complaints and diseases were treated by climbing, or being passed through, the tolmen. Those unable to fit might have consoled themselves with the promise of second sight, which could be obtained just by looking through the aperture. Hefted from their riverbeds to stand upright as they sometimes are, tolmens resemble the later works of Henry Moore. They are the ultimate expression of his abstraction of natural forms distilled down to a single negative space, and an aesthetic meeting point of the sculptor’s sensibilities and the blind work of water, stone and time. 18th Century historian William Borlase’s book Observations on the Antiquities Historical and Monumental of the County of Cornwall, published in 1754, features a fine etching of the Tolmen at Constantine in Cornwall. This massive stone was extensively pocked with holes (rock basins) on it’s upper surface, hence the name Tolmen, but it also rested on the points of the stones beneath so resembling a megalithic tomb structure called a cromlech. Borlase’s work was widely read especially among the growing numbers of Celtomaniacs in Britain and France who lapped up his fevered speculations on the rites of celtic druids. One such Celtophile was the french officer and antiquarian Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne who published in 1796 a work entitled Origines gauloises (Celtic Origins) in which he says of megalithic tombs “The enormous stone that covers this monument from antiquity is known in our language as a dolmin”. This is the first recorded use of that word and Corret de la Tour d’Auvergne’s assertion that it originates in Breton has no factual support. so it seems likely that he appropriated the word from Borlase’s work, which was widely read in antiquarian circles and almost certainly know to him. Attempting to pronounce “cromlech” with a thick french accent will give a useful insight into the reasons “dolmen” quickly caught on and came to refer to the whole tomb structure not just the upper stone. In the early 19th Century the word “dolmen” came back to Britain having been adopted by the newly developing science of archaeology and the rest is history.

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wildlifetrusts.org - A monkey's birthday - ten words for the British landscape

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