What are the four steps to visualization?

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sciencedirect.com - Visualization Process - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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3 Visualization and cartography

In the past, even dealing with incomplete and uncertain data, the visualization process nearly always resulted in an authoritative map. The maps created by a cartographer were good enough for the user. This shows that cartography, for a long time, has been very much driven by supply rather than demand. Somehow, this is still the case. However, nowadays, it is also accepted that just making a map is not the only purpose of cartography. Especially since 1980, many people have become involved in making maps. The widespread use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has significantly increased the number of maps being created (Longley et al. 1999). Even the spreadsheets used by most office workers today have mapping capabilities, although most people are probably not aware of this. The opportunities offered by the World Wide Web will again lead to an incredible increase in maps produced. Some websites, such as MapQuest produce over a million maps a day! Many of these maps are not produced as final products, but rather as intermediate products to support the user in his or her work dealing with geospatial data. The map, as such, has started to play a completely new role: it is not just a communication tool but also a tool to aid the user's (visual) thinking process. This process is being accelerated by the opportunities offered by hardware and software developments. These have changed the scientific and societal needs for geo-referenced data and, as such, for maps. New media such as CD-ROMs and the WWW not only allow for dynamic presentation but also for user interaction. Users do expect immediate and real-time access to the data and data geospatial has become abundant. This abundance of data, welcomed in some sectors, is a major problem in other sectors. One lacks the tools for user-friendly queries and retrieval when studying the massive amount of data produced by sensors, and now available via the WWW. These developments have given the word visualization enhanced meaning, since progress in other disciplines has linked the word to more specific ways in which modern computer technology can facilitate the process of ‘making visible’ in real time. Specific software toolboxes have been developed, whose functionality is based on two key words: interaction and dynamics. A separate discipline called scientific visualization, has developed around it (McCormick et al. 1987), which is having a major impact on cartography as well. If applied in cartography it offers the user the possibility of instantaneously changing the appearance of the map. Interacting with the map will stimulate the user's thinking and will add a new function to the map. As well as communication, it will prompt thinking and decision-making. Developments in scientific visualization have stimulated a model for map-based scientific visualization (DiBiase 1990). As such, it is also known as Geographical visualization (MacEachren 1995). It covers both the communication and thinking functions of the map. Communication is described as ‘public visual communication’ since it concerns maps aimed at a wide audience. Thinking is defined as ‘private visual thinking’ because it is often an individual playing with the geospatial data to determine its significance (see Fig. 3). On a lower level, different visualization stages can be recognized: each requires a different strategy from the perspective of map use, based on audience, data relations, and the need for interaction. These stages are exploration, analysis, synthesis, and presentation. Figure 3. The visualization process: visual thinking and visual communication

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From Fig. 3 it is obvious that presentation fits into the traditional realm of cartography, where the cartographer works on known geosptial data and creates communicative maps. These maps are often created for multiple uses. However, exploration often involves a discipline expert creating maps while dealing with unknown data. These maps are generally for a single purpose and are related to the expert's attempt to solve a problem. While dealing with the data, the expert should be able to rely on cartographic expertise provided by the software or some other means. This process describes the ‘democratization of cartography’ (Morrison 1997). He explains it as ‘using electronic technology, no longer does the map user depend on what the cartographer decides to put on a map. Today the user is the cartographer.’ And ‘users are now able to produce analyses and visualizations at will to any accuracy standard that satisfies them.’

sciencedirect.com - Visualization Process - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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