Can humans move to another planet?

To conclude, any new human colonisation on another planet would be very difficult. The extreme weather conditions, the chemistry of the atmosphere and the vast amounts of resources needed to support human life all play into this.

oxplore.org - Could we live on another planet? - Oxplore

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The Galaxy is your oyster... or is it? What would be the challenges of moving to another planet and which destinations offer the most promise?

Where to start?

First, we need to decide what ‘living on another planet’ means. A one-off visit by an expedition of astronauts is very different to an outpost regularly supplied from Earth, or a long-term colony, spanning generations, living independently from humans on Earth. In short, a visit to another planet by a human crew is possible, but some are easier to explore than others. Each planet is different and has a unique set of challenges. For example, the largest planet in our Solar System, Jupiter, is a ‘gas giant’ mainly composed of hydrogen and helium gas. Without a well-defined solid surface, it would be nigh on impossible to set up camp there. How about Venus? Well, Venus does have a solid surface: a good start. But its thick and dense atmosphere of (mostly) carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) makes the pressure at the surface ninety times higher than it is at the Earth’s surface! That’s the same as 900 metres below the ocean’s surface on Earth, and deeper than even modern nuclear submarines can access (although specialist deep-sea craft can now reach greater depths). To make things even harder, the high concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere causes a very strong greenhouse gas effect. This means that the temperature on its surface is around 460°C! A number of unmanned missions have failed prematurely in the past due to this. For example, the Soviet unmanned lander programs Venera and Vega stopped functioning within one to two hours of landing, due to the high temperatures.

A life on Mars

So Jupiter is a no, and we can pretty much say the same for Venus – but what about Mars? It’s the planet closest to the Earth after all. Mars has slightly lower gravity than Earth, and its atmosphere is extremely thin and consists of mostly CO2, which is poisonous to humans. Although Mars has an average temperature of -63°C, which would be very cold for humans, its highest temperature is a toasty 30 °C… This is starting to sound promising… That said, it's likely to feel pretty cold most of the time since the thin atmosphere wouldn’t offer much insulation. But in theory, a visit by a manned crew could be comparable to a visit to the Moon and we’ve done that almost 50 years ago! The key difference is that it takes a lot longer to travel to Mars. Instead of a roughly four-day flight to the Moon in the days of Apollo 11, any flight to Mars with current technology would take several months. NASA’s Curiosity Rover that landed on Mars in 2012 took over eight months to make the journey.

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But while this might be expensive, it’s not impossible to sustain a crew of astronauts for the flight there and back. We know from previous successful missions to the Mir and International Space Station (ISS) that humans can survive over a year in zero-gravity at a time. Even setting up a manned outpost - similar to the International Space Station - on Mars, is a possibility. It would just be really costly, especially due to longer supply lines to Mars than to the ISS. The distance to the Moon is already about 1000 times further from the Earth than the ISS is, and Mars is over a hundred-thousand times further than the ISS.

Panorama of the Gusev Crater on Mars

Not to forget…

There are some other key challenges to visiting or setting up camp on Mars that we should probably think about. For example, there are only trace amounts of oxygen and water vapour in the atmosphere. The low pressure on the surface of Mars (only 0.6% of the pressure at the Earth’s surface) makes it impossible for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars without evaporating. Low pressure, low temperature and lack of a breathable atmosphere aren’t necessarily as bad from the point of view of human exploration as the very high pressure and temperature on Venus. In fact, these factors are less likely to make equipment fail. But any humans settling on Mars would definitely need to live underground or in enclosed environments with artificial atmospheres and water supplies, and they would have to wear space suits to venture outside. The poles of Mars feature lots of frozen water, and large supplies of frozen water have been found just under the surface. This means that with energy from solar cells, ice could be melted in a pressurised environment and oxygen could be produced from it using electrolysis. Food production would be difficult (fertilizers for growing plants would be difficult to produce, even with enough water and sunlight for plant growth), and establishing modern industries to make any colony self-sufficient would be very tricky. To sum, a colony on Mars is not impossible, it’s just not at all clear exactly how it would work.

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Where else?

Planets outside our Solar System - known as exoplanets - are too far away to access using current technology within the lifespan of a human. And too far away to access using any technology we can imagine at this time. One of the fastest spacecraft ever launched from Earth, the New Horizons probe, took 9.5 years to fly from the Earth to the dwarf planet, Pluto at the outermost reaches of the Solar System: 4.7 billion kilometres away. Impressive as that sounds, the next-nearest star (other than the Sun) is almost ten-thousand times further away! Reaching those planets with a human crew would take thousands of generations, living and dying on the spacecraft. All the supplies for the journey would have to be carried on the spacecraft, without a possibility of resupplying. However, let’s imagine for a moment that we could get there… Several exoplanets in the ‘habitable zone’ (the right distance from their star to support liquid water and potentially life forms) have been identified. We just don’t know much about the conditions on them compared to the planets in our Solar System so it's difficult to assess their suitability. To learn more about exoplanets, take a look at the video below by Dr Ruth Angus (Columbia University).

To conclude, any new human colonisation on another planet would be very difficult. The extreme weather conditions, the chemistry of the atmosphere and the vast amounts of resources needed to support human life all play into this. But who knows what the future holds as our technology advances? Could you imagine a human population living alongside an alien one or maybe it’s simpler to take better care of our own planet? What do you think?

oxplore.org - Could we live on another planet? - Oxplore

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